Ainley, D. G., H. R. Huber, and K. M. Bailey. 1982. Population fluctuations of California sea lions and the Pacific whiting fishery off central California. Fish. Bull., U.S. 80:253­258.

Anderson, S. A., and A. D. Hawkins. 1978. Scaring seals by sound. Mammal Rev. 8:19­24.

Antonelis, G. A. Jr., and M. A. Perez. 1984. Estimated annual food consumption by northern fur seals in the California Current. CalCOFI Rep., Vol.25:135-145.

Antonelis, G. A. Jr., C. H. Fiscus, and R. L. DeLong. 1984. Spring and summer prey of California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, at San Miguel Island, California, 1978­79. Fish. Bull., U.S. 82:67­76.

Barlow, J., R. L. Brownell Jr., D. P. DeMaster, K. A. Forney, M. S. Lowry, S. Osmek, T. J. Ragen, R. R. Reeves, and R. J. Small. 1995. U.S. Pacific marine mammal stock assessments. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS­SWFSC­219, 162 p.

Bartholomew, G. A. 1967. Seal and sea lion populations of the California islands. In R. N. Philbrick (editor), Proceedings of the symposium on the biology of the Channel Islands, p. 229­244. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Beach, R. J., A. C. Geiger, S. J. Jeffries, S. D. Treacy, and B. L. Troutman. 1985. Marine mammals and their interactions with fisheries of the Columbia River and adjacent waters, 1980­1982. NMFS-AFSC Processed Rep. 85­04, 316 p. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.

Beeson, M. J. 1995. Harbor seal scat analysis in the Southern California Bight. Final Report to NMFS-SWR for Cooperative Agreement No. NA47FX0231, 20 p. (Available from Southwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 502 W. Ocean Blvd., Suite 4200, Long Beach, CA 90802.)

Beeson, M. J., and D. A. Hanan. 1996. An evaluation of pinniped-fishery interactions in California. Report to the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, 46 p. (Available from Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, 45 SE 82nd, Gladstone, OR 97027.)

Bigg, M. A. 1969. The harbour seal in British Columbia. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 172, 31 p.

Bigg, M. A. 1973. Adaptations in the breeding of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 19:131­142.

Bigg, M. A., and H. D. Fisher. 1975. Effect of photoperiod on annual reproduction in female harbor seals. Rapp. P.­V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 169:141­144.

Bigg, M., G. Ellis, P. Cottrell, and L. Milette. 1990. Predation by harbour seals and sea lions on adult salmon in Comox Harbour and Cowichan Bay, British Columbia. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1769, 31 p.

Bonnell, M. L., M. O. Pierson, and G. D. Farrens. 1983. Pinnipeds and sea otters of central and northern California, 1980­1983: Status, abundance and distribution. Report to the Pacific OCS Region, Minerals Management Service, Dep. Interior, Contract 4­12­0001­29090, 220 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Bonnot, P. 1928. Report on the seals and sea lions of California. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 14, 62 p.

Boveng, P. 1988. Status of the California sea lion population on the U.S. west coast. NMFS Southwest Fish. Cent., Admin. Rep. LJ­88­07, 26 p. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv, NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

Bowlby, C. E. 1981. Feeding behavior of pinnipeds in the Klamath River, northern California. M.A. Thesis, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, 74 p.

Briggs, K. T., and C. W. Davis. 1972. A study of predation by sea lions on salmon in Monterey Bay. Calif. Fish Game 58:37­43.

Brown, R. F. 1988. Assessment of pinniped populations in Oregon, April 1984 to April 1985. NMFS-NWAFC Processed Rep. 88­05, 44 p. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.

Brown, R. F., S. J. Jeffries, and J. Harvey. 1989. Seasonal abundance and feeding ecology of harbor seals in the Columbia River. In Abstracts ­ 8th biennial conference on the biology of marine mammals, Pacific Grove, CA, December 7­11, 1989, p. 9.

Brown, R., and B. Mate. 1983. Abundance, movements and feeding habits of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, at Netarts and Tillamook Bays, Oregon. Fish. Bull., U.S., 81:291­301.

Brown, R. F., S. Riemer, and S.J. Jeffries. 1995. Food of pinnipeds collected during the Columbia River area salmon gillnet observation program, 1991­1994. Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Diversity Program, Technical Report #95­6­01, 16 p. (Available from Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2501 SW First, Portland, OR 97201.)

Butterworth, D. S. 1992. Will more seals result in reduced fishing quotas? S. Afr. J. Sci. 88:414-416.

Butterworth, D. S., D. C. Duffy, P. B. Best, and M. O. Bergh. 1988. On the scientific basis for reducing the South African seal population. S. Afr. J. Sci. 84:179-188.

Calambokidis, J., and B. McLaughlin. 1988. Harbor seal populations and their contributions to fecal coliform pollution in Quilcene Bay, Washington. Proceedings of first annual meeting on Puget Sound research, 18-19 March, 1988, Seattle, WA, vol. 1, p. 300­306. (Available from Cascadia Research Collective, Waterstreet Bldg., 218 ½ W. 4th St., Suite 201, Olympia, WA 98501.)

Calambokidis, J., K. Bowman, S. Carter, J. Cubbage, P. Dawson, T. Fleischner, J. Schuett­Hames, J. Skidmore, B. Taylor, and S. G. Herman. 1978. Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and the ecology and behavior of harbor seals in Washington State waters. Final Report to the National Science Foundation, 121 p. (Available from Cascadia Research Collective, Waterstreet Bldg., 218 ½ W. 4th St., Suite 201, Olympia, WA 98501.)

Calambokidis, J., B. McLaughlin, and G. Steiger. 1989. Bacterial contamination related to harbor seals in Puget Sound, Washington. Report to Jefferson County and the Washington Department of Ecology in cooperation with the Washington Department of Social and Health Services, 74 p. (Available from Cascadia Research Collective, Waterstreet Bldg., 218 ½ W. 4th St., Suite 201, Olympia, WA 98501.)

Cass, V. 1985. Exploitation of California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, prior to 1972. Mar. Fish. Rev. 47(1):36­38.

Chapman, D., A. Giorgi, M. Hill, A. Maule, S. McCutcheon, D. Park, W. Platts, K. Pratt, J. Seeb, L. Seeb, and F. Utter. 1991. Status of Snake River chinook salmon. Final Report to the ESA Administrative Record for Snake River chinook salmon, 531 p. (Available from Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee, 1 Main Place, 101 SW Main, Suite 810, Portland, OR 97204.)

Costa, D. P., and R.L. Gentry. 1986. Reproductive energetics of the northern fur seal. In R. L. Gentry and G. L. Kooyman (editors), Fur seals: Maternal strategies on land and at sea, p. 79-101. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

DeLong, R. L., G. A. Antonelis, C. W. Oliver, B. S. Stewart, M. S. Lowry, and P. K. Yochem. 1991. Effects of the 1982­83 El Niño on several population parameters and diet of California sea lions on the California Channel Islands. In F. Trillmih and K. A. Ono (editors), Pinnipeds and El Niño: Responses to environmental stress, p. 166-173. Springer­Verlag, Berlin.

DeLong, R. L., S. R. Melin, and G. A. Antonelis. 1993. Comparison of 1983 and 1992 El Niño impacts on California sea lion and northern fur seal populations in California. Abstract, Tenth biennial conference on biology of marine mammals, Galveston, Texas, November 11­15, 1993, p. 41. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

DeMaster, D. P., and J. E. Sisson. 1992. Pros and cons of pinniped management along the north American coast to abet fish stocks. In D. R. McCullough and R. H. Barrett (editors), Wildlife 2001: Populations, p. 321-330. Elsevier Applied Science, New York.

Everitt, R., C. Fiscus, and R. DeLong. 1980. Northern Puget Sound marine mammals. Report to Department of Commerce/Environmental Protection Agency, Interagency Energy/Environment R&D Program, EPA­600/7­80­139, 134 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Everitt R., P. Gearin, J. Skidmore, and R. DeLong. 1981. Prey items of harbor seals and California sea lions in Puget Sound, Washington. Murrelet 62:83­86.

Fiscus, C. 1979. Interactions of marine mammals and Pacific hake. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41(10):1­9.

Fiscus, C. 1980. Marine mammal­salmonid interactions: A review. In W. McNeil and D. Himsworth (editors), Salmonid ecosystems of the north Pacific, p. 121-132. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.

Fiscus, C., and G. Baines. 1966. Food and feeding behavior of Steller and California sea lions. J. Mammal. 47:195­200.

Fish, J., and J. Vania. 1971. Killer whale, Orcinus orca, sounds repel white whales, Delphinapterus leucas. Fish. Bull., U.S. 69:531­ 536.

Forthman­Quick, D., C. Gustavson, and K. Rusiniak. 1985. Coyote control and taste aversion. Appetite 6:253­264.

Gearin, P. J., and J. Scordino. 1995. Marine mammals of the northern Washington coast: Summary of distribution, abundance and biology. NMFS-NWR Report. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Gearin, P., R. Pfeifer, and S. Jeffries. 1986. Control of California sea lion predation of winter­run steelhead at the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, Seattle, December 1985­April 1986. Washington Dep. Game, Fishery Manage. Rep. 86­20, 108 p. (Available from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501.)

Gearin, P., R. DeLong, and B. Ebberts. 1988a. Pinniped interactions with tribal steelhead and coho fisheries in Puget Sound. Unpubl. manuscr., 23 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Gearin, P., R. Pfeifer, S. Jeffries, R. DeLong, and M. Johnson. 1988b. Results of the 1986­87 California sea lion­steelhead trout predation control program at the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks. NWAFC Processed Rep. 88­30, 111 p. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.

Gearin, P. J., M. A. Johnson, and S. Joner. 1989. Observations of the Makah marine salmon setnet fishery, 1988-89. Unpubl. manuscr. 38 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Gearin, P. J., S. J. Jeffries, and C. C. Schmitt. 1995. Diet and annual food consumption of California sea lions and harbor seals in Puget Sound. Soc. NW Vert. Biol., Annual Conference, 23­25 March 1995, Orcas Island, WA. (Abstract only).

Gearin, P. J., S. J. Jeffries, M. E. Gosho, J. R. Thomason, R. DeLong, M. Wilson, and S. R. Melin. 1996. Report on capture and marking of California sea lions in Puget Sound, Washington during 1994­95: Distribution, abundance and movement patterns. NMFS-NWR Report, 26 p. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Geiger, A., and S. Jeffries. 1986. Evaluation of seal harassment techniques to protect gillnetted salmon. Report to Wash. Dep. Game, Contract 83­ABC­00133, 27 p. (Available from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501.)

Graybill, M. R. 1981. Haul out patterns and diet of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, in Coos County, Oregon. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Oregon, Eugene, 55 p.

Hanan, D. A. 1996. Dynamics of abundance and distribution for Pacific harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi, on the coast of California. Unpubl. Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Calif., Los Angeles, 158 p.

Hanan, D. A., L. M. Jones, and R. B. Read. 1989. California sea lion interaction and depredation rates with the commercial passenger fishing vessel fleet near San Diego. California Cooperative Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) Report, Vol 30. p. 122­126. (Available from CalCOFI Coordinator, University of California, San Diego, Marine Life Research Group, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093.)

Hanson, L. C. 1993. The foraging ecology of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, and California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, at the mouth of the Russian River, California. M.A. Thesis, Sonoma State Univ., Rohnert Park, CA, 70 p.

Hard, J. J., R. P. Jones Jr., M. R. Delarm, and R. S. Waples. 1992. Pacific salmon and artificial propagation under the Endangered Species Act. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-2, 56 p.

Harmon, J. R., K. L. Thomas, K. W. McIntyre, and N. N. Paasch. 1994. Prevalence of marine­mammal tooth and claw abrasions on adult anadromous salmonids returning to the Snake River. North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 14:661­663.

Hart, C. J. 1987. Predation by harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, on tagged adult chinook, coho salmon and steelhead trout in the Lower Klamath River, California. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Inland Fish., Admin. Rep. 87­18, 20 p. (Available from California Dep. Fish Game, 1416 Ninth St., Sacramento, CA 95814.)

Harvey, J. T. 1987. Population dynamics, annual food consumption, movements, and dive behavior of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, in Oregon. Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 177 p.

Harvey, J. T., R. C. Helm, and G.V. Morejohn. 1995. Food habits of harbor seals inhabiting Elkhorn Slough, California. Calif. Fish Game 81(1):1-9.

Harwood, J., and J. J. D. Greenwood. 1985. Competition between British grey seals and fisheries. In J. R. Beddington, R. J. H Beverton, and D. M. Lavigne (editors), Marine Mammals and Fisheries, p. 153-169. George Allen & Unwin, London.

Harwood, J., L. Hiby, D. Thompson, and A. Ward. 1991. Seal stocks in Great Britain surveys conducted between 1986 and 1989. NERC News 16:11-15.

Herder, M. J. 1983. Pinniped fishery interactions in the Klamath River system, July 1979 to October 1980. Southwest Fish. Cent., Admin. Rep. LJ­83­12C, 71 p. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

Hindar, K., N. Ryman, and F. Utter. 1991. Genetic effects of cultured fish on natural fish populations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:945-957.

Huber, H.R. 1991. Changes in the distribution of California sea lions north of the breeding rookeries during the 1982­83 El Niño. In F. Trillmich and K. A. Ono (editors), Pinnipeds and El Niño: Responses to environmental stress, p. 129­137. Springer­Verlag, Berlin.

Huber, H. R. 1995. The abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in Washington, 1991­1993. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 56 p.

Huber, H. R., S. J. Jeffries, R. F. Brown, and R. L. DeLong. 1993. Abundance of harbor seals in Washington and Oregon, 1992. Annual Report to MMPA Assessment Program, Office of Protected Resources, 20 p. (Available from Office of Protected Resources, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 1335 East­West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.)

Huber, H. R., M. B. Hanson, M. Gosho, and R. L. DeLong. 1995a. Preliminary investigations of pinniped/spring chinook interactions on the Columbia River, 1994. NMFS-AFSC/ NMML Draft Report, 10 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Innis, S., D. M. Lavigne, W. M. Earle, and K. M. Kovacs. 1987. Feeding rates of seals and whales. J. Anim. Ecol. 56:115­130.

Jameson, R., and K. Kenyon. 1977. Prey of sea lions in the Rogue River, Oregon. J. Mammal. 58(4):672.

Jefferson, T., and B. Curry. 1994. Review and evaluation of potential acoustic methods or reducing or eliminating marine mammal­fishery interactions. Report to the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission, Contract T10155628, 59 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Jobling, M. 1987. Marine mammal faeces samples as indicators of prey importance--a source of error in bioenergetics studies. Sarsia 72:255-260.

Jobling, M., and A. Breiby. 1986. The use and abuse of fish otoliths in studies of feeding habits of marine piscavores. Sarsia 71:265-274.

Johnson, M., and S. Jeffries. 1983. Population biology of the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in the waters of the state of Washington. Final report to Marine Mammal Commission, Contract MM6AC025, 53 p. (Available from National Technical Information Service, NTIS No. PB83-159715, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.)

Jones, R. E. 1981. Food habits of smaller marine mammals from northern California. Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 42:409­433.

Kaczynski, V., and J. Palmisano. 1992. A review of management and environmental factors responsible for the decline and lack of recovery of Oregon's wild anadromous salmonids. Report to Oregon Forest Industries Council, Salem, OR, 292 p.

Kuljis, B. A. 1986. Report on food aversion conditioning in sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Report to NMFS/SWR, Contract 84-ABC-00167, 19 p. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

LeBoeuf, B. J., K. A. Ono, and J. Reiter. 1991. History of the Steller sea lion population at Año Nuevo Island, 1961­1991. NMFS Southwest Fish. Sci. Cent., Admin. Rep. LJ­91­45c, 24 p. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

Low, L. 1991. Status of living marine resources off the Pacific coast of the United States as assessed in 1991. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-210, 69 p.

Lowry, M. S., and R. L. Folk. 1987. Feeding habits of California sea lions from stranded carcasses collected at San Diego County and Santa Catalina Island, California. NMFS Southwest Fish. Sci. Cent., Admin. Rep. LJ­87­15, 33 p. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

Lowry, M. S., C. W. Oliver, C. Macky, and J. B. Wexler. 1990. Food habits of California sea lions Zalophus californianus at San Clemente Island, California, 1981­86. Fish. Bull., U.S. 88:509­521.

Lowry, M. S., B. S. Stewart, C. B. Heath, P. K. Yochem, and J. M. Francis. 1991. Seasonal and annual variability in the diet of California sea lions Zalophus californianus at San Nicolas Island, California, 1981­86. Fish. Bull., U.S. 89:331­336.

Lowry, M. S., P. Boveng, R. L. DeLong, C. W. Oliver, B. S. Stewart, H. DeAnda, and J. Barlow. 1992. Status of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus) population in 1992. NMFS Southwest Fish. Sci. Cent., Admin. Rep. LJ­92­32, 34 p. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

MacLean, J. A., and D. O. Evans. 1981. The stock concept, discreetness of fish stocks and fisheries management. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:1889­1898.

Mate, B. R. 1975. Annual migrations of the sea lions Eumetopias jubatus and Zalophus californianus along the Oregon Coast. Rapp. P.­V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 169:455­461.

Mate, B. R,. and C. Greenlaw. 1981. An acoustic harassment system to reduce marine mammal/fishery conflicts. Marine Mammal Information. Oregon State Univ. Sea Grant College Program, Corvallis, 22 p.

Mate, B. R., and J. T. Harvey (editors). 1987. Acoustical deterrents in marine mammal conflicts with fisheries. Report on a workshop held February 17­18, 1986 in Newport, Oregon, 116 p. Oregon State Univ., Sea Grant College Program, Publ. No. ORESU­W­86­001, Corvallis.

McCosker, J. E., and R. N. Lea. 1996. White shark attacks in the eastern Pacific Ocean: an update and analysis. In A. P. Klimley and D. G. Ainley (editors), The biology of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), p. 419­434. Academic Press, San Diego.

McEwan, D., and T. A. Jackson. 1996. Steelhead restoration and management plan for California, 234 p. (Available from California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, 1416 Ninth St., Sacramento, CA 95814.)

Miller, D. J., M. J. Herder, and J. P. Scholl. 1983. California marine mammal­fishery interaction study, 1979­81. NMFS Southwest Fish. Cent., Admin. Rep. LJ­83­13C, 233 p. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

Miller, D., M. Herder, J. Scholl, and P. Law. 1983. Harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, censuses in California, 1981 and 1982. In D. Miller (editor), Coastal marine mammal study, annual report for the period of July 1, 1981 ­ June 30, 1982, p. 2­43. NMFS Southwest Fish. Sci. Cent., Admin. Rep. LJ­83­21C. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

Moyle, P. B., and R. M. Yoshiyama. 1992. Fisheries, aquatic diversity management areas, and endangered species: A plan to protect California's native aquatic biota. The California Policy Seminar, University of California, Berkeley, CA. CPS report: A publication of the California Policy Seminar, 222 p. (Available from Peter Moyle, Univ. Calif., Davis, CA 95616.)

Nehlsen, W., J. E. Williams, and J. A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: Stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries (Bethesda) 16(2):4­21.

Newby, T. 1973. Changes in the Washington state harbor seal population. Murrelet 54:4-6.

Nickelson, T. E., J. W. Nicholas, A. M. McGie, R. B. Lindsay, D. L. Bottom, R. J. Kaiser, and S. E. Jacobs. 1992. Status of anadromous salmonids in Oregon coastal basins. ODFW Report, 81 p. (Available from Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 718 NE Vandenberg Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330.)

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1992. Report to Congress on Washington State marine mammals. DOC/NOAA/NMFS report, 49 p. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1995a. Proposed recovery plan for Snake River salmon. NMFS Report. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1995b. Environmental assessment on protecting winter­run wild steelhead from predation by California sea lions in the Lake Washington ship canal. NMFS Environ. Assess. Rep., 122 p. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1996a. Environmental assessment on conditions for lethal removal of California sea lions at the Ballard Locks to protect winter steelhead. NMFS Environ. Assess. Rep., 81 p. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1996b. Fisheries of the United States, 1995. NMFS Report, Current Fisheries Statistics No. 9500, 126 p. (Available from Office of Sustainable Fisheries, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.)

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and Washington Department of Wildlife (WDF). 1989. Environmental assessment on controlling California sea lion predation on wild steelhead in the Lake Washington ship canal. NMFS Environ. Assess. Rep., 46 p. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML). 1996. Working paper: Biomass consumption estimates of California sea lions and harbor seals in Puget Sound, 13 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Norberg, B., and D. E. Bain. 1994. Implementation and assessment of the acoustic barrier at the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks using calibrated measurements of the sound field. NMFS/NWR Report, 70 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). 1992. Review of an Oregon Forest Industries Council Report, "A review of management and environmental factors responsible for the decline and lack of recovery of Oregon's wild anadromous salmonids," V. W. Kaczynski and J. F. Palmisano, 83 p. (Available from Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Habitat Conservation Division, Portland, Oregon.)

Oftedal, O. T., D. J. Boness, and R. A. Tedman. 1987. The behavior, physiology and anatomy of lactation in the Pinnipedia. In H. H. Genoway (editor), Current mammalogy, p. 175­245. Plenum Press, New York.

Olesiuk, P. F. 1993. Annual prey consumption by harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Fish. Bull., U.S. 91:491­515.

Ono, K. A., D. J. Boness, O. T. Oftedal, and S. J. Iverson. 1993. The effects of El Niño on mother-pup biology in the California sea lion. In F. G. Hochberg (editor), Third California Islands symposium: Recent advances in research on the California Islands, p. 495-499. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA.

Oregon Natural Resources Council (ONRC), et al. 1995. Petition for a rule to list steelhead as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act and to designate critical habitat. Unpubl. manuscr., 133 p. Document submitted to Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA. (Available from Oregon Natural Resources Council, 522 SW 5th #1050, Portland, OR 97204.)

Oxman, D. S. 1995. Seasonal abundance, movements, and food habits of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in Elkhorn Slough, California. M.S. Thesis, Calif. State Univ., Stanislaus, 126 p.

Park, D. 1993. Effects of marine mammals on Columbia River salmon under the Endangered Species Act. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE­AM9­93BP99654, 16 p. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Pearson, J. P., and B. J. Verts. 1970. Abundance and distribution of harbor seals and northern sea lions in Oregon. Murrelet 51:1-5.

Perez, M. A., and E. E. Mooney. 1986. Increased food and energy consumption of lactating northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). Fish. Bull., U.S. 84:371­381.

Pfeifer, R., P. Gearin, S. Jeffries, M. Johnson, and R. DeLong. 1989. Evaluation of the 1987­88 California sea lion predation control program in the Lake Washington estuary. Washington Department of Wildlife, Fish. Manage. Rep. 89­9, 216 p. (Available from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capital Way N., Olympia, WA 98501.)

Pitcher, K. W. 1980. Stomach content and feces as indicators of harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, foods in the Gulf of Alaska. Fish. Bull., U.S. 78:797-798.

Pitcher, K. W., and D. G. Calkins. 1979. Biology of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi, on Tugidak Island, Gulf of Alaska. Final rep., OCSEAP, Dep. of Interior, Bur. Land Manage. 72 p. (Available from Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Pyle, P., S. D. Anderson, and D. G. Ainley. 1996. Trends in white shark predation at the South Farallon Islands, 1968-93. In A. P. Klimley and D. G. Ainley (editors), The biology of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), p. 375­380. Academic Press, San Diego.

Ricker, W. E. 1972. Hereditary and environmental factors affecting certain salmonid populations. In R. C. Simon and P. A. Larkin (editors), The stock concept in Pacific salmon, p. 19­160. H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

Riemer, S. D., and R. F. Brown. 1996. Marine mammal (pinniped) food habits in Oregon. Oregon Dep. Fish Wildl., Wildlife Diversity Program, Technical Report #96­6­01, 26 p. (Available from Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 59, Portland, OR 97207.)

Roffe, T., and B. Mate. 1984. Abundance and feeding habits of pinnipeds in the Rogue River, OR. J. Wildl. Manage. 48(4):1262­1274.

Rueggeberg, H., and J. Booth. 1989. Interactions between wildlife and salmon farms in British Columbia: Results of a survey. Technical Report Series No. 67. Pacific and Yukon Region, Canadian Wildlife Service, 74 p. (Available from Publications, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, KIA0H3.)

Scheffer, T. H. 1928. Precarious status of the seal and sea lion on our northwest coast. J. Mammal. 9(1):10­16.

Scheffer, V., and J. Neff. 1948. Food of California sea lions. J. Mammal. 29:67­68.

Scheffer, V. B,. and J. W. Slipp. 1944. The harbor seal in Washington State. Am. Midl. Nat. 32(2):373­416.

Scheffer, T. H., and C. C. Sperry. 1931. Food habits of the Pacific harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi. J. Mammal. 12(3):214­226.

Schmitt, C. C., J. Schweigert, and T. P. Quinn. 1994. Anthropogenic influences on fish populations of the Georgia Basin. Part II. Marine fishes. In R. C. H. Wilson, R. J. Beamish, F. Aitkens, and J. Bell (editors), Proceedings of the British Columbia/ Washington symposium on the marine environment, January 13­14, 1994, p. 230-252. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1948.

Schmitt, C. C., S. J. Jeffries, and P. J. Gearin. 1995. Pinniped predation on marine fish in Puget Sound; Proceedings of Puget Sound research 95, January 12-14, 1995, Bellevue, WA, vol. 2, p. 630-637. (Available from Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team, P.O. Box 40900, Olympia, WA 98504-0900.)

Scordino, J. 1993. Review and evaluation of pinniped predation on salmonids in the Columbia River basin. NMFS report prepared for the Snake River Salmon Recovery Team, 39 p. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Scordino, J., and B. Pfeifer. 1993. Sea lion/steelhead conflict at the Ballard Locks. A history of control efforts to date and a bibliography of technical reports. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Report, 10 p. (Available from Northwest Regional Office, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.)

Shaughnessy, P., A. Semmelink, J. Cooper, and P. Frost. 1981. Attempts to develop acoustic methods of keeping cape fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus, from fishing nets. Biol. Conserv. 21:141­158.

Stanley, W. T., and K. E. Shaffer. 1995. Harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, predation on seined salmonids in the lower Klamath River, California. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 11(3):376­385.

Stein, J. L. 1989. Reproductive parameters and behavior of mother and pup harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, in Grays Harbor, Washington. M.A. Thesis, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. 110 p.

Stewart, B. S., and P. K. Yochem. 1994. Ecology of harbor seals in the Southern California Bight. In W. L. Halvorson and G. J. Meander (editors), Fourth California Islands symposium: Update on the status of resources, p. 123-134. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. (Available from Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105.)

Thompson, C. J., and S. J. Crooke. 1991. Results of the southern California sportfish economic survey [1989]. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS­SWFSC­164, 264 p.

Tillapaugh, D., C. Brenton, and B. Harrower. 1991. Predation on salmon farms in British Columbia--The impacts of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Results of 1991 survey. Unpubl. manuscr., 49 p. (Available from British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 2500 Cliffe Ave., Courtenay, B.C. V9N 5MC.)

Torok, M. L. 1994. Movements, daily activity patterns, dive behavior, and food habits of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in San Francisco Bay, California. M.S. Thesis, Calif. State Univ., Stanislaus, 87 p.

Trumble, S. J. 1995. Food habits, dive behavior, and mother­pup interactions of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) near Monterey Bay, California. M.S. Thesis, Calif. State Univ., Fresno, 101 p.

Waples, R. S. 1991a. Genetic interactions between wild and hatchery salmonids: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (Suppl. 1):124-133.

Waples, R. S. 1991b. Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the definition of "species" under the Endangered Species Act. Mar. Fish. Rev. 53(3):11­22.

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). 1996. Status report ­ Columbia River fish runs and fisheries, 1938- 95. WDFW/ODFW Report, 194 p. (Available from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Information and Education Division, P.O. Box 43136, Olympia, WA 98504-3136.)

Washington Department of Fisheries (WDF), Washington Department of Wildlife (WFW), and Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribes. 1992. 1992 Washington state salmon and steelhead stock inventory. Washington State Report, 212 p. (Available from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Information and Education Division, P.O. Box 43136, Olympia, WA 98504-3136.)

Westlake, R. L., W. L. Perryman, and K. A. Ono. In press. Comparison of vertical aerial photographic and ground censuses of Steller sea lions at Año Nuevo Island, July 1990- 1993. NMFS Southwest Fish. Sci. Cent., Admin. Rep. (Available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.)

York, A. E., and J. R. Hartley. 1981. Pup production following harvest of female northern fur seals. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:84­90.

California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), Marine Resources Division, unpubl. data. 330 Golden Shore, Suite 50, Long Beach, CA 90802.

California Marine Mammal Center, unpubl. data. Marin Headlands, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Sausalito, CA 94965-2697.

National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), Marine Mammal Lab, unpubl. data. 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.

National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), Marine Mammal Research, unpubl. data. P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), unpubl. data. Northwest Region, 7118 NE Vandeberg Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330.

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), Marine Mammal Investigations, unpubl. data. 7801 Phillips Road SW, Tacoma, WA 98498.