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Live Hauling of Fish
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Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) Environmental and Fisheries Sciences EFS - Aquaculture
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Information
Project
Live Hauling
Title
Live Hauling of Fish
Description
In certain markets, live fish can be sold for substantially higher prices than fresh dressed fish. A significant live-haul industry has developed in the U.S. and fish are commonly hauled 1,500-2,000 miles (25-30 hours) to market. The most common species hauled are tilapia, channel catfish, and rainbow trout; a smaller amount of marine rockfish, hybrid striped bass, and carp are also hauled. The most significant advancement in hauling technology in the last 20 years has been the use of bottled oxygen gas or liquid oxygen to maintain adequate dissolved oxygen levels. These types of systems can maintain significantly higher DO levels than systems using air. Some common stressors include harvest and loading procedures (pumping or out of water transfer), shaking as the transport vehicle is moving, low frequency sound from the vehicle and water treatment systems, crowding, and poor water quality (high ammonia and carbon dioxide levels, low dissolved oxygen), high light levels, or extreme water temperature. The physical shape and construction of the hauling unit may have an important impact on localized low DOs, physical damage to the fish, and survivability. Very little information has been published on the chemical and physical conditions in transport systems during long-distance transport and this limited data may not be representative of current commercial systems.
This research will be conducted with NWFSC staff in cooperation with private fish farmers in the Pacific Northwest. Specific sub-objectives will include the following:
(1) Documentation of water quality during transport and impact on mortality and product quality
(2) Design of efficient aeration systems for oxygen transfer and carbon dioxide stripping
(3) Determination of the impact of transport tank design and aerator type on the thermal balance during hauling.
The impact of this project will be increased survival and product quality of transported fish as a result of adopting the recommended protocols and utilization of the models. Project outputs will include peer-reviewed publications, popular publications, and conference presentations.
Data Sets
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Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen will be measured with a YSI ProODO or a YSI 556 MPS unit and results expressed in mg/Liter. Units will be air calibrated daily.
Environmental and Fisheries Sciences - Aquaculture
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KLA
The oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) will be determined by deaeration with nitrogen gas followed by aeration (0.60 slpm) using a YSI ProODO dissolved oxygen meter. The KLa value will be computed from the ASCE Standard for the Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean Water http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?156576 The measured KLa values will be reported at 20C using a theta = 1.047.
Environmental and Fisheries Sciences - Aquaculture
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Oxygen Uptake
Oxygen uptake of hauling water samples will be determined from the change in dissolved oxygen over a 30 minute period using a YSI ProODO dissolved oxygen meter. Sample will be stirred using a magnetic rod. Oxygen uptake will be determined by fitting a linear regression line through the dissolved oxygen vs time curve and expressed as mg/minute. The oxygen uptake rate will be reported at 20C using a theta = 1.047.
Environmental and Fisheries Sciences - Aquaculture
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Post-Haul Mortality
Following simulated hauling, fish from individual tanks will be transferred to 4 in diameter circular tanks for observation. Mortality will be recorded daily for 7 days.
Environmental and Fisheries Sciences - Aquaculture
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Temperature
Temperature will be measured using the thermistor sensors in the YSI ProODO or YSI 556 MPS units.
Environmental and Fisheries Sciences - Aquaculture
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Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN)
Total ammonia nitrogen will be measured using an Orion Ammonia electrode, calibrated daily with standard solutions (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/Liter), and results expressed as mg/Liter TAN
Environmental and Fisheries Sciences - Aquaculture
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Un-ionized Ammonia (UIA)
Un-ionized ammonia will be based on TAN, temperature, salinity, and pH. UIA will be computed from Tables 9 or 10 in http://fisheries.org/hatchery
Environmental and Fisheries Sciences - Aquaculture
Research Themes
Recovery and rebuilding of marine and coastal species
The Pacific Northwest is home to several iconic endangered species, including Pacific salmon and killer whales, and several rockfish species. Mandates such as the Endangered Species Act, MagnusonStevens Act, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act, grant NOAA Fisheries the authority to manage the recovery of depleted species and stocks. The NWFSC contributes to species recovery through research, monitoring and analysis, providing NOAA managers and regional stakeholders the tools and information they need to craft effective regulations and develop sustainable plans for recovery.
Research Foci
Evaluate the effects of artificial propagation on recovery, rebuilding and sustainability of marine and anadromous species
Artificial propagation has the potential to provide benefits both to species recovery and to seafood sustainability. Artificial propagation also poses risks to wild species and ecosystems. In the past, the use of artificial propagation has been an important risk factor for several threatened and endangered species, particularly Pacific salmon. Assessing the effects of artificial propagation is complicated by the fact that programs vary widely in size, rearing practices, and goals. The NWFSC conducts critical research on the influence of artificial propagation on population dynamics, growth rate, ecology of infectious disease, and the evolutionary fitness of wild fish and other marine organisms. Results of this research are needed to support the recovery of fish populations and have been especially valuable in providing critical information for recent, larger scale habitat restoration activities such as the Elwha Dam removal. NWFSC will continue to conduct science that informs the discussion about whether to allow fish to recolonize naturally after barrier removal, or to supplement populations with hatchery fish and on the impacts of aquaculture on fishing pressure and practices, and on the surrounding environment and ecosystem.
Keywords
aquaculture
The culture of fish, aquatic invertibrates, and aquatic plants for the production of food
gas transfer
addition of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
heat transfer
conductive transfer of heat across the hauling container walls
water quality
Impact of excreted carbon dioxide and ammonia on survival and product quality
Products
Impact of Aeration and Alkalinity on the Water Quality and Product Quality of Transported Tilapia - A Simulation Study
Aquacultural Engineering, 55, 46-58
Taxa
Species Oreochromis niloticus
Nile tilapia
People
John Colt
Principal Investigator